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A. These resolutions were passed by the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and were authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively.
The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 argued that each individual state has the power to declare that federal laws are unconstitutional and void. The Kentucky Resolution of 1799 added that when the states determine that a law is unconstitutional, nullification by the states is the proper remedy.
B. These resolutions were passed by the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and were authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively.
Jefferson wrote the 1798 Resolutions. The author of the 1799 Resolutions is not known with certainty. Both resolutions were stewarded by John Breckinridge who was falsely believed to have been their author. James Madison wrote the Virginia Resolution.
In the early 1900's, 6 million African Americans emigrated form the rural south of the US to the northeast, mid-west and west and thus began an urban existence in many of the cities in these areas so became important politically due to their numbers and their strong support of the civil rights movement later on.
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The Africans’ arrival would not only change the course of Virginia history but the course of what would become the United States of America (See Figure 3-1). There were both men and women in this first group of Africans. Three or four days later, a second ship arrived. One additional African woman disembarked in Virginia. (Travels and Works of Captain John Smith [1910] 1967:541 as cited in Russell [1913] 1969:22 ftn.21).
The first Africans to arrive in Jamestown were welcome additions to the labor force. They were needed for the tasks of opening the wilderness, clearing land, and building settlements around the Chesapeake Bay. The first Africans, as few as they were, fulfilled a sorely needed and relatively empty labor niche in Virginia society. They and the African immigrants that followed also served another equally important purpose. Under the head-right system, they enabled the growth of a new landowning middle class located socially between the gentleman who had been granted the Virginia Company land by the Crown and the laboring class of indentured servants and slaves who worked the colony’s expanding tobacco lands (See Figure 3-2).
Nine months after the arrival of the first Africans, the Census of March 1620 listed 892 English colonists living in Virginia, males outnumbering females, seven to one. Also present were 32 Africans, 15 men and 17 women, a more equal sex distribution that lent it to family formation.
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Answer:
It is believed that Halloween is a pagan ritual derived from pre-Christian festivals celebrated by druids, which the church could not eradicate. In the modern world, many celebrate this holiday, knowing very little about it. In fact, Halloween has Christian roots. The holiday falls on October 31 thanks to the pope.
The historian Nicholas Rogers, who studied the origins of Halloween, noted that, despite attempts to connect its origin with the ancient Roman festival of Parentals, which was celebrated on February 13-21, the prototype of Halloween, most likely, originated only with the advent of the Celtic pagan festival Samhain. Samhain was a holiday for all the peoples of the British Isles and was strongly associated with death and the supernatural. At the same time, there is no evidence that in pagan times the holiday had any special significance, except for agricultural and seasonal. In 601, Pope Gregory I instructed the missionaries not to fight pagan holidays, but to convert them to Christian ones - according to his plan, this should contribute to the Christianization of Northern Europe. By the 8th century, Samhain became the Day of All Souls and the Day of All Saints (November 1), in which it was considered acceptable from the point of view of religion to speak with the dead.
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