The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” One of three amendments passed during the Reconstruction era to abolish slavery and establish civil and legal rights for black Americans, it would become the basis for many landmark Supreme Court decisions over the years.1865 left his successor, President Andrew Johnson, to preside over the complex process of incorporating former Confederate states back into the Union after the Civil War and establishing former slaves as free and equal citizens.
Johnson, a Democrat (and former slaveholder) from Tennessee, supported emancipation, but he differed greatly from the Republican-controlled Congress in his view of how Reconstruction should proceed. Johnson showed relative leniency toward the former Confederate states as they were reintroduced into the Union.
But many northerners were outraged when the newly elected southern state legislatures—largely dominated by former Confederate leaders—enacted black codes, which were repressive laws that strictly regulated the behavior of black citizens and effectively kept them dependent on white planters.
The correct answer should be African-Americans
They were segregated and had hard times finding jobs and when they did manage to get them, it was mostly low-skilled low-paying physical jobs like carrying bags of cement or loading ships in the docks. When the great depression came, they lost even this because white workers were prepared to do even those jobs so they lost even the little wage that they had.
Slavic and Scandinavian countries are very rich in resources, and Russia wanted to control most trade in Europe until the collapse of the Soviet Union. More trade = More power and they were still recovering after the HARD losses when the Germans' invaded Leningrad and the war.
Labor mobility. In markets, supply is represented by companies while demand is represented by customers. Its not the demand of the product that pays, it is the skill set of the employees that determines the their degree of pay. If you ask yourself why a retail sales person is paid less than a doctor, you will obviously note that the difference in their pay is their skill. Businesses look for profits, and skilled workers drive profitability high hence they get to be paid more than low skilled workers.
