The correct answer is b. passing ex post facto laws.
Ex post facto laws are those that retroactively change the rules of evidence in a criminal case and increase the punishment of a crime that was legal when committed. This is a violation of Article 1 Section 10 clause 1 of the constitution
If no canidate receives a majority, the House of Representatives elects the president
The answer is going to be the the second option
The north and the south where divided in many ways one of the more common known being the north was really against slavery another was actually taxes which caused the south to threaten succession and another was the election of Abraham Lincoln and so on