It’s not monarchy unless there is a king/queen involved i think it is oligarchy because oligarchy means to rule or demand.
<span>Advanced navigation techniques and better cartography. </span>
As Islam spread in Mecca, the ruling tribes began to oppose Muhammad's preaching and his condemnation of idolatry. The Quraysh tribe controlled the Kaaba and drew their religious and political power from its polytheistic shrines, so they began to persecute the Muslims and many of Muhammad's followers became martyrs.
Greek, they inspired them during the Greek classical age