Slowly, deep underground
The igneous rock gabbro is coarse grained and non-vesicular. Both characteristics show that it is an intrusive igneous rock. Intrusive igneous rocks are formed below Earth's surface and slowly (because they're underground). When rocks are intrusive, they are are non-vesicular (no air pockets) because the air has had the time to escape because of the slow cooling time period. Intrusive rocks are also coarse because crystals had the time to form in the rock during that longer cooling time.
Ps. extrusive igneous rocks form rapidly at Earth's surface and basically have tge opposite characteristics for the opposite reasons (ex: vesicular cause air had little time to escape)
Answer:
B) Distinctly alkaline diagnostic horizons, thin profiles, lack of organic material, and dominance of sandy materials are features most closely associated with aridisols.
Explanation:
The aridisols are types of soils that are found predominantly in arid areas. They are soils that are not considered as fertile, and are near the bottom by quality of soils. These soils are lacking organic material, and also are very exposed to erosion, with the primary reason being the climate, as it doesn't allow for lot of vegetation to grow. The horizons of the aridisols are distinctly alkaline diagnostic ones, with the profiles being very thin and labile. The top layer of the soil is dominated by sandy material, which is a result of the extensive weathering and erosion in their surroundings, so the wind is mostly transporting small sandy grains and covers most of the area with them.
