At the end of the 19th century, about a third of Americans worked in agriculture, compared to only about four percent today. After the Civil War, drought, plagues of grasshoppers, boll weevils, rising costs, falling prices, and high interest rates made it increasingly difficult to make a living as a farmer. In the South, one third of all landholdings were operated by tenants. Approximately 75 percent of African American farmers and 25 percent of white farmers tilled land owned by someone else. Every year, the prices farmers received for their crops seemed to fall. Corn fell from 41 cents a bushel in 1874 to 30 cents by 1897. Farmers made less money planting 24 million acres of cotton in 1894 than they did planting 9 million acres in 1873. Facing high interests rates of upwards of 10 percent a year, many farmers found it impossible to pay off their debts. Farmers who could afford to mechanize their operations and purchase additional land could successfully compete, but smaller, more poorly financed farmers, working on small plots marginal land, struggled to survive.
Many farmers blamed railroad owners, grain elevator operators, land monopolists, commodity futures dealers, mortgage companies, merchants, bankers, and manufacturers of farm equipment for their plight. Many attributed their problems to discriminatory railroad rates, monopoly prices charged for farm machinery and fertilizer, an oppressively high tariff, an unfair tax structure, an inflexible banking system, political corruption, corporations that bought up huge tracks of land. They considered themselves to be subservient to the industrial Northeast, where three-quarters of the nation's industry was located. They criticized a deflationary monetary policy based on the gold standard that benefited bankers and other creditors.
All of these problems were compounded by the fact that increasing productivity in agriculture led to price declines. In the 1870s, 190 million new acres were put under cultivation. By 1880, settlement was moving into the semi-arid plains. At the same time, transportation improvements meant that American farmers faced competitors from Egypt to Australia in the struggle for markets.
The first major rural protest was the Patrons of Husbandry, which was founded in 1867 and had 1.5 million members by 1875. Known as the Granger Movement, these embattled farmers formed buying and selling cooperatives and demanded state regulation of railroad rates and grain elevator fees.
Early in the 1870s the Greenback Party agitated for the issue of paper money, not backed by gold or silver, with the idea that a depreciating currency would make it easier for debtors to meet their obligations.
Another wave of protest grew out of the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union (the Southern Farmers Alliance) formed in Lampedusa County, Texas in 1875, and the Northwestern Farmers' Alliance, founded in Chicago in 1880. By the late 1880s, the cooperative business enterprises set up by the Farmers' Alliances had begun to fail due to inadequate capitalization and mismanagement. By 1890, the Farmers Alliances had begun to enter politics. In 1892 the Alliance formed the Peoples' or Populist Party. Among other things, the Populists financed commodity credit system that would have allowed farmers to store their crop in a federal warehouse to await favorable market prices and meanwhile borrow up to 80 percent of the current market price.
WW1 had left the nations of Britain and France in financial and political ruin. They had been able to stop the rise of communism in their own borders but not fascism in Italy nor National Socialism in Germany. This was due to a fear of another oncoming war between these two. Which France and Britain were not financially or militarily prepared for. When the Great Depression hit, it had made matters worse allowing Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler to gain power through popular acts of civil engineering and employment. Britain and France in the meantime did not recover from the Great Depression till the start of WW2 when many males were conscripted to fight in the war.
The Battle of Waterloo was in 1815. It was fought in the present-day province of Waterloo Brabant, Belgium.
Explanation:
The Battle of Waterloo is acknowledged as the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), the set of wars led by Bonaparte in his expansionist attempts in Europe. He aimed to establish France hegemony on the continent and to spread the French Revolution ideals throughout the region.
It was Bonaparte's preparation in 1803 for these future wars that led him to sell the French territories in North America to the newly independent United States. The event became known as Louisiana Purchase.
After the death of Muhammad, caliphate was formed, which spread to vast geographical areas. The spread of Islam was spurred by missionary activities, by the Imams, who, by mixing with the local population, preached Islam, the way of life, practice. Such early caliphates, along with Muslim trade, spread Islam predominantly in the Middle East, up to the Pacific and the Atlantic.
Muslim dynasties are very fast established. Scientists from the Muslim world founded large school and university centers, libraries, where they gathered knowledge from the whole ancient world, which contributed to the golden age of Islam. During the golden era of Islam, Islamic writing expanded and consolidated through the written word.
Also, many dynasties strives for territorial expansion and embarked on the conquest, where, normally, the conquest implies the expansion of Islam. It is known that North Africa was conquered by Muslim dynasties, which until then had been Christian
.
We can tell, that, spread of Islam has been achieved through word of mouth, peaceful measures, through writings and through war.
