Answer: The Enlightenment was a cultural and intellectual movement, primarily European, that was born in the mid-eighteenth century and lasted until the early years of the nineteenth century.
• Mettinics innovation to curb nationalism 1799
• sweep of revolution across Europe 1848: The revolutions of 1848 were characterized by the importance of nationalist demonstrations and the beginning of the first organized demonstrations of the workers' movement.
• Formation of kingdom of Italy 1861: The Kingdom of Italy (in Italian: "Regno d'Italia") was the name assumed on March 17, 1861 by the state emerged after the Italian national unification (1848-1870) led by Victor Manuel II who was crowned King of Italy in 1861.
It would of resulted in less conflict between the siblings
<span>Religious beliefs have
highly influenced the political and hierarchical structures in both Ottoman and
Safavid Persia empires. Although both states were of Islamic religion, they
belonged to different branches, Sunni and Shia. These branches differ over the
choice of Muhammad's successor, which subsequently acquired broader political
significance, as well as theological and juridical dimensions. Sunni Muslims
believed that Muhammad didn’t clearly appoint a successor, which is why there
isn’t hereditary succession law in Ottoman Empire. This contrasts with the Shia
Muslims view, which holds that Muhammad appointed his son-in-law and cousin Ali
ibn Abi Talib to succeed him. They believed that the empire should be led by
direct successor of Muhammad’s line. Differences between these two branches
affected the politics, as Shia Muslims weren’t religiously tolerant to other
confessions and considered them for heretics, even the other branches of Islam.
This resulted in the besieged of Bagdad, which was followed by the massacre of
a large part of its Sunni Muslim inhabitants, as it was endeavored to transform
Baghdad into a purely Shiite city. The besiege of Bagdad was the event that led
to the Ottoman-Safavid war (1623–1639).</span>
