In the very, very simplest terms, judging the validity of an argument starts centers around this process:
1) Identify the rhetoric (Lines of Argument) from the actual, formal reasons. Separate the persuasive language from the actual claims to truth and fact.
2) Analyze those reasons (claims to truth and fact) by identifying their logic (often in the Implicit Reasons) and evidence.
3) Test and evaluate the logic and evidence; identify logical errors and ask whether the evidence can and has been tested and objectively, repeatedly, factually verified.
The first interaction between Kumalo and Arthur Jarvis's son leads to B) James Jarvis realizing that Kumalo is the same man whom he met in Johannesburg.
Answer:
when odysseus first wakes up in ithaca, he thinks that the phaecians fooled him, placed him on the wrong island, and stole some of his treasure. he curses them because of this. odysseus believed he was placed on the wrong island because athena made ithaca look different so he wouldn't recognize it.
Answer:
b. And when the dictators, if the dictators, are ready to make war upon us, they will not wait for an act of war on our part. They did not wait for Norway or Belgium or the Netherlands to commit an act of war.
Explanation:
This quote is the best application of logos. Logos is a rhetorical technique of using "logic" and reasonable appeals to make a point, as opposed to <em>pathos </em>(emotion) or <em>ethos </em>(credibility).
This excerpt above lists concrete examples--Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands--that have suffered from these democracies. FDR is using a logical argument here: he's saying, look at all these other examples that have suffered, and follow my approach instead.
