Answer: Protons contribute towards making ATP by producing proton-motive force that provides energy for ATP synthesis.
Explanation: In the respiratory chain, the transfer of electrons from one complex to another is accompanied by pumping of protons out of the matrix. This creates a difference in proton concentration and separation of charge across the mitochondrial inner membrane. The electrochemical energy inherent in this difference in proton concentration called proton-motive force is used to drive ATP synthesis as protons flow back passively into the matrix through a proton pore.
Cutoff signals are signals used by the animals for communication between them. These signals are behaviors. Examples are: the animal freezes, turns the back to other animals, moves away, ....
Cut-off signals are usually given after a conflict. One reason animals use cutoff signals is to:
D. encourage compromise between potential adversaries
If cut-off signals are not respected, conflict will escalate.
Answer:
Furthermore, the axial skeleton consists of six parts: the skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the vertebral column, hyoid, rib cage, and the sternum while the appendicular skeleton consists of limbs and girdles. Axial and appendicular skeleton are the two main parts of the endoskeleton of vertebrates including humans.
Explanation:
This is called Independent Assortment.<span />
Answer:
Through the use of technology.
