In genetics, gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype, i.e. observable trait. ... Such phenotypes are often expressed by the synthesis of proteins that control the organism's structure and development, or that act as enzymes catalyzing specific metabolic pathways.
Food chains model energy flow through an ecosystem. Producers pump energy into an ecosystem from an environmental source, and this energy is then passed from one organism to the next.
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Mammals first appeared
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The dinosaurs became extinct one million years after the Cenozoic era started. The mammals first appeared as the modern culture first appeared in that era.
Answer:
Amino acid substitutions at the interaction interface may result in binding affinity changes, and thus affect the structure of the protein complex. ... This structural change may significantly affect the binding energy, and make the protein complex unstable
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