The incorporation of the bill of rights is a doctrine that defends that The Bill of Rights should be applicable and respected by the states of the US.
Initially, the Supreme Court was strict on this matter and the common understanding was that the Bill of Rights should only be respected and followed by the Federal Government - you can see it on Barron vs Baltimore case. After the abolition of slavery and the post-civil war era many rights were granted to people and over time the incorporation doctrine gained strength.
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During the 1800s, thousands of settlers traveled west in search of new land and opportunities. Many families traveled in wagons. They followed overland trails across the continent. These trails were often dangerous and difficult to travel on. For settlers to reach the California coast they had to cross the Rocky Mountain chain.The settlers had to cross the Rocky Mountains to reach Oregon's Pacific Coast.
Maybe there were no cures, vaccines, or antibodies at the time. Medicine was never completely discovered for centuries to come, which is why the Black Plague occurred during the medieval/Middle Ages.