"Critical region" redirects here. For the computer science notion of a "critical section", sometimes called a "critical region", see critical section.
A statistical hypothesis is a hypothesis that is testable on the basis of observing a process that is modeled via a set of random variables.[1] A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference. Commonly, two statistical data sets are compared, or a data set obtained by sampling is compared against a synthetic data set from an idealized model. A hypothesis is proposed for the statistical relationship between the two data sets, and this is compared as an alternative to an idealized null hypothesis that proposes no relationship between two data sets. The comparison is deemed statistically significant if the relationship between the data sets would be an unlikely realization of the null hypothesis according to a threshold probability—the significance level. Hypothesis tests are used in determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance. The process of distinguishing between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is aided by identifying two conceptual types of errors (type 1 & type 2), and by specifying parametric limits on e.g. how much type 1 error will be permitted.
An alternative framework for statistical hypothesis testing is to specify a set of statistical models, one for each candidate hypothesis, and then use model selection techniques to choose the most appropriate model.[2] The most common selection techniques are based on either Akaike information criterion or Bayes factor.
Statistical hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis. It can be contrasted with exploratory data analysis, which may not have pre-specified hypotheses.
Answer:
The tone of the article is contradicting
Explanation:
The tone of the article is contradicting as it clearly states that on one hand it is claimed that Chicago will be the forefront of the green roof movement while on the other hand it shows the existing scenario in Chicago as per which only one tenth of the 1% of the Chicago's building have green roof.
The primary sources are required in the scholarly literature where the facts and quotes can be verified unlikely, the primary sources in other periodicals which are rare and scanty.
The primary sources are stated as the first report of research, published as a journal article, a book or book chapter, etc. As it includes the methodology, data and results, also the discussions.
They are incomplete snippets of history, in which each represents a mystery that only students can explore by finding new parts of evidence. It also helps the students to feel related to the source/research in person, and promotes deeper understanding among them.
A secondary source is scholarly or can be other analyses of a primary source made by a person who somewhere is connected(indirectly).
It is so because a periodical is a publication with multiple articles which appears more than once, usually on a regular basis. As they provide recent information in comparison to books (which are the primary source), for example- magazines, journals, and newspapers, etc.
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Nothing is underlined, but I assume that the underlined words would be either "to save" or "(not) to spend" or both. In any case, the correct answer would be C - infinitive phrase, because these verbs are in their infinitive form. "Gerund" and "participle" would end in -ing,
