Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression.
During the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene's DNA is transferred to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. Both RNA and DNA are made up of a chain of nucleotide bases, but they have slightly different chemical properties. The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Translation, the second step in getting from a gene to a protein, takes place in the cytoplasm. The mRNA interacts with a specialized complex called a ribosome, which "reads" the sequence of mRNA bases. Each sequence of three bases, called a codon, usually codes for one particular amino acid. (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.) A type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. Protein assembly continues until the ribosome encounters a “stop” codon (a sequence of three bases that does not code for an amino acid).
The flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins is one of the fundamental principles of molecular biology. It is so important that it is sometimes called the “central dogma.”
Answer:
The DNA gets copied equally through a process called <em>mitosis</em> and the copied DNA(chromosomes) are split equally among the daughter cells.
Law of Superposition
a basic law of geochronology, stating that in any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom, each layer being younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it.
Answer;
The similarity between gills and lungs is that both are sites for gaseous exchange in living organisms.
Explanation;
Gills is a site for gaseous exchange in fishes amphibians at some stage in life; while the lungs is a site of gaseous exchange in mammals and other organisms such as reptiles.
They both serve to bring in oxygen in the living things body and the eliminate carbon dioxide from the body; process of gaseous exchange.
However, they differ in a number of ways; for example, lungs are internal while gills are external , lungs are developed to breath in oxygen from the air, while gills are developed to get oxygen from water.
The answer you are looking for is right here, Gogli Apparatus is the answer
