Answer:
b. Bacteria
Explanation:
Cell walls with lipopolysaccharide are present in gram Negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane in their cell wall which is composed of lipopolysaccharides.
The lipopolysaccharides are the molecules that have both lipids and proteins. The lipopolysaccharide layer that forms the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is present outside to their thin peptidoglycan layer.
Answer: I believe the right answer is B) atmospheric nitrogen→bacteria→plants→animals. I'm pretty sure!
Sorry for answering a bit late, hope that helps! :-)
Answer:
Furthermore, animal cognition research tends to eschew questions of which animals are smarter than others, focusing instead on more specific questions like the ones above. Scientists often say that they are more interested in how well an animal evolved to thrive in their environment, rather than in how smart they are.
The correct answer is HPA axis.
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the most important neuroendocrine systems, which regulates the stress response and other functions such as the digestion, mood, emotions and the immune system.
The hypothalamus, when triggered by a possible stressor, releases two hormones; the vasopressin and the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH, in turn, triggers the release of the adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. As a result of the secretion of ACTH, cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, considered to be our body's stress hormone.
