The operating system's memory protection routine intervenes and (usually) terminates the program if a program attempts to modify (or, sometimes, even to read) the contents of memory locations that do not belong to it.
Further Explanation
The memory protection routine is most commonly used in multi-programmed systems to prevent one process from affecting the availability of another. When a user opens up multiple processes, by default, they usually reside at the same time in the main memory. Sometimes, a program may attempt to access, modify, or read memory locations allocated to other processes. When this happens, the memory protection program jumps in. Keep in mind that the memory manager somehow works hand in hand with the memory protection routine. It protects the OS from being accessed by other processes and these processes from accessing one another. In addition, it helps save memory by allocating the same amount of memory to all running processes. The memory protection program, on the other hand, should be able to allow controlled sharing of memory among different processes and will usually terminate a program that tries to modify content of memory locations of that does not belong to it.
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Modem, router, switch, server, etc. these are hardware meant to facilitate the transfer or storage of remote information.
Answer:
"You passed the test!"
Explanation:
Here user reading grade "test_score" and checking the student score in "If" condition. If it is less than 60 we are printing "You failed the test!" and if it is >60 we are outputting the string "You passed the test!" and else if it not satisfying any of these then we are printing "You need to study for the next test!".As "test_score" value is 90 which is >60 it satisfies the condition >60. So we are printing the string "You passed the test!"
Answer:
The buffer has room for 499 characters (you always have to reserve 1 for the terminating \0 character).
The code copies all characters passed in the commandline (argv[1]) into this buffer without checking. If there are more than 499 characters supplied, these will be copied into a memory location that is not intended for it. This will probably cause your program to crash, but if the extra data is somehow executed by the processor as if it were a program, this could be a way to sneak a virus into your computer.
So, while copying data, it is important to always limit the maximum amount to the allocated space.
