3 is A; no taxation without representation
4 is C; France and Britain were at war a lot so since the colonies didn’t help directly they wanted them to help by funding
1st because the freedom of speech ,religion ,press
Sargon established the first empire in "Mesopotamia," although it should be noted that there is some dispute as to whether he had a great deal of help or not.
Personally, I agree. However, this could also depend on the level of the grave offense. Incarceration is definitely a punishment where the detainee has ample time to contemplate on his wrongs and with added activities provided by the government in prison, he can think things out. Corporal punishment may be applied to those highly grave offenses like having killed a person since sometimes it's the physical pain that knocks some sense out of people, rather than solitary confinement.