Answer: some of the ways that the physical and natural environment put limits on the directions and locations of trade routes in premodern times was a trade route and silk road.
Explanation:
Eventually the Europeans, for reasons of their own, became reluctant to continue shipping so much silver to East Asia. This is largely because they preferred to hoard the silver so that they could use it to pay mercenaries in their ongoing wars. They started looking for something else to export to China and found that they were in a real bind because there were very few things that they produce more efficiently than the Chinese could. The thing that eventually filled the gap left when the Europeans tried to cut back on their silver shipments was opium.
Opium served a whole series of functions for the British in particular. It helped make their new colony in India profitable by providing a very ready revenue source. It saved on the silver that they no longer wanted to ship and, of course, the story of the opium trade to China then gets us into a whole different period of world history and different kinds of links between China and the outside world.
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Answer: Feudalism
Explanation:
During the Samurai era, Japan still had an emperor but was effectively ruled by a Shogun who maintained military control over the country. In order to rule, they relied on the support of he various samurai leaders in different parts of the country.
This was very similar to the Feudal system in Europe where local lords held significant power in a kingdom because they controlled their area and so the Monarch needed their influence to exert control over the whole nation.