Answer:
- Hydrogen ion concentration is lower in the mitochondrial matrix than in the intermembrane space.
- Oxidative phosphorylation relies on the hydrogen ion concentration gradient generated and maintained by the electron transport chain.
- Hydrogen ions enter the mitochondrial matrix via facilitated diffusion.
Explanation:
Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway by which Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecules are produced through the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to molecular oxygen (O2). The hydrogen (H+) ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, and this movement of protons generates an electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial membrane which is used by the ATP synthase to produce ATP. This gradient is generated by the movement of electrons through a series of electron carriers (e.g., cytochrome c and ubiquinone) that are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The movement of these H+ ions across the semipermeable mitochondrial membrane moving down their electrochemical gradient is named chemiosmosis and is an example of facilitated diffusion.
Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In mammalian cells , this checkpoint is called the restriction point. The G1 phase is a phase of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division. In this phase the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for the subsequent steps leading to mitosis. It ends when the cell moves into the S phase of interphase.
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Answer: Dr. Garcia should compare fly cells to human cells.
Answer:
changing environment
Explanation:
If the species fails to adapt, it will die off.
Answer:
This is because antibiotic resistance can be caused by bacteria getting the ability to be unaffected by the antibiotics Also, people not taking their medication for the entire duration exposes the bacteria to the antibiotic and makes it stronger. Also, when people overuse antibiotics and mutations occur, the bacteria becomes antibiotic resistant.
