During the eighteenth century, Spain, France and Britain controlled land in North America. Spain controlled Florida. France was powerful in the northern and central areas. Britain controlled the east. All three nations knew they could not exist together peacefully in North America. The situation could only be settled by war.
The powerful European nations already were fighting each other for control of territory and riches all over the world. These small wars continued for more than one hundred years. They were called King William's War, Queen Anne's War, King George's War and the French and Indian War.
The French and Indian War was fought to decide whether Britain or France would be the major power in North America. France, its colonists and their Indian allies fought against Britain, its colonists and their Indian allies.
The war began with conflicts over land.
Amherst was successful. The British defeated the French. They changed the name of Fort Carillon to Fort Ticonderoga. It became an important military center in the French and Indian War. Fort Ticonderoga would also become important later, during America's war for independence.
The Battle for Quebec was the turning point in the conflict. Britain and France signed a treaty to end the war in seventeen sixty-three. The British had won. They took control of the lands that had been claimed by France.
The aristocracy (wealthy class) dominated the early Roman Republic
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Before the civil war that engulfed England in the 1640s, life in the American colonies was regulated by orders occasionally received from the mother country. After the restoration of the Stuart power in 1660, control over trade with the colonies was further strengthened. A Navigation Act restricted the delivery of certain goods, in particular tobacco and sugar, to British ports. New navigational laws, and especially the Sugar Act, hurt the lucrative trade for the West Indies for American merchants. Doubled duties on the import of industrial products from England led to an unprecedented high cost.
The Stamp Act, passed in 1765 by the British Parliament, triggered the first massive outbreak of violence. The law, requiring tax on all legal documents, newspapers and other printed materials, has not entered into force. The riots, initiated by merchants and lawyers under the auspices of the secret society Sons of Liberty, forced to withdraw tax collectors.
In the colonies, the threads of the conspiracy spread. New legislation was seen as part of a carefully planned and far-reaching strategy of imperial domination. New laws and officials encroached on American traditional freedoms; regular army units were thrown against them, five people were killed in clashes in Boston; jury trials were abolished, and taxes were imposed for the third time without the consent of the colonists. All these events taken together could mean only one thing: the king and his ministers intended to establish a system of absolutism in America.
Revolutionary sentiments were especially strong in New England. In December 1773, several colonists disguised as Indians made their way to merchant ships and dropped 342 chests of tea into Boston Bay. In response, Lord North secured the consent of the angry parliament to take tough repressive measures. British lawmakers regretted their conciliatory decision to repeal the Stamp Act and Townshend Duty. In accordance with repressive laws, which the colonists dubbed “intolerable,” the port of Boston was closed reimbursement of damages for tea destroyed, and the powers of self-government in Massachusetts were cut off. But such a harsh reaction from the English parliament rallied the colonists even more closely.
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