I think that the oldest department in the executive branch is the United States federal executive departments
The arms race changed the relationship between the democratic west and the Soviet Union and created an atmosphere of fear and national insecurity known as the Cold War. During the Cold War, the Communist and Democratic nations accumulated huge arsenals of nuclear weapons that could destroy entire regions of the Earth. From this mammoth amount of power and influence came distrust, accusations of treason, and an era of nationalism. Today, many of the weapons still exist and pose a large nuclear threat, causing both the West and the East to fear each other as well as the possibility of nuclear warfare.
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The vetogates model focuses on the many points in the legislative pro- cess where proposed legislation can be stopped (vetoed). ... The term ''veto gates'' originates with McNollgast (1992), and the vetogates concept has been deployed in other works of positive political theory.
Answer:
The politics of the period inevitably drove France towards war with Austria and its allies. The King, many of the Feuillants, and the Girondins specifically wanted to wage war.
- The King was hoping war would increase his personal popularity and make him stronger.
- The Girondins wanted to export the Revolution throughout Europe and, by extension, to defend the Revolution within France.
- Other Monarchs from Prussia, Austria were threatening of invading France on the behalf of the French Monarchy. Moreover, the king was unhappy to sharing power and not wanting to accept the limitation on his power as result he agitating with the foreign monarchs
- People like Barnave and Robespierre in France opposed the war, and in Austria the emperor Leopold II, brother of Marie Antoinette, may have wished to avoid war, but unfortunately he died on 1 March 1792.
Thus France under this circumstance it preemptively declared war on Austria (20 April 1792). Prussia joined the Austrian side a few weeks later. And the wars that will catapult Napoleon into notoriety was on.
No I don't believe so they are. Here is a link to something that says more on it. I hope this helps!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause
