That's a lot of questions! You need not give me the "brainliest," as I may only respond to a couple of those points for the sake of time here.
#2 in your list: In Lincoln's first inaugural address, he said: "Plainly, the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy." In other words, if states could choose to secede from the union, then there was really no union and no government. (Anarchy is the absence of government.) Only if we abide by the constitutional checks we place on ourselves in a democratic republic are we exercising genuine government. Otherwise, we fall into chaos or some sort of dictatorial state. Lincoln felt that the whole concept of self-government was at stake, threatened by the South's desire to secede. Lincoln had to treat the secession of several states as an act of rebellion.
#5 in your list (closely related to #2): The states that had seceded already had caused the civil war, in Lincoln's estimation. The northern states had to respond to hold the union together. The southern states claimed to be afraid for their property, peace and safety with an administration like Lincoln's in charge. But Lincoln saw those fears as unfounded, that all states would continue to enjoy their constitutional privileges. But seceding from the union cut them off from all stability and security.
Medieval Christian Europe appeared with the decline of the Western Roman empire and the rise of Christianity. When Western Rome fell, cultural identity that once unified almost all of Europe disappeared. Christianity was able to fill this space by having people become more religious, identifying themselves with the Christian church. Moreover, Christianity gave political leaders legitimacy by Gods. Christianity became the center of the cultural life in western Europe and what is more important, it created a new social elite in which would dominate arts and sciences. Christianity gave an spiritual escape from the difficult Medieval ages. Europe was getting porer, there were outbreaks of many deadly illnesses and people were living in fear. Great soical differences additionaly made the life harder. Relgion gave hope to the poorest, that in the end, everyone was equal in front of the God. On the other hand, rich justified a lot of the actions as being neccessary and justified by the God's will. This resulted in even more fear and inequality. Medieval times are percieved as being one of the darkest in the Europes history, despite it's efforts to glorify the religion.
One of the lasting impacts is the laws and fundamentals that "sprouted" from it.
I hope this helps! :)
The answer to your question is Dozens of Spartan warriors held off the entire Persian army for three days.
