Answer:
A pNP concentration range of 0 to 100µM (or 0 to 0.1 mM) is used by making appropriate dilutions from the working stock (preferably in 1ml total volume).
Until recently, prokaryotes did not contain linear plasmids or chromosomes, but they have since been discovered in spirochaetes, Gram-positive bacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial linear DNA has been classified into two structural kinds. Each end of linear plasmids from the spirochaete Borrelia has a covalently closed hairpin loop, while each end of linear plasmids from the Gram-positive filamentous Streptomyces has a covalently connected protein. In eukaryotic cells, replicons with comparable structures are more common than in prokaryotes. However, linear genomic architectures are likely more widespread in bacteria than previously thought, and some replicons may be able to switch between circular and linear isomers. The molecular biology of these widely scattered pieces reveals information about the origins of linear DNA in bacteria, including evidence of prokaryote-eukaryotes genetic exchange.
The greenhouse effect that keeps the thermal excursion to a minimum and grants a warm temperature
The deeper you go down in to the rock the older the fossils get. So when the scientists go in to the rock they can say what animals lived in that time and what animal was the oldest.
