Answer:
Historians John Thornton and Linda Heywood of Boston University have estimated that of the Africans captured and then sold as slaves to the New World in the Atlantic slave trade, around 90% were enslaved by fellow Africans who sold them to European traders.
Russia grew in the shadow of the Byzantine Empire, which itself was the eastern half of the Roman Empire. Generally speaking, the eastern half of the empire owed a stronger cultural debt to the Hellenistic Age, being as it extended across the territories which had earlier been conquered by Alexander the Great, and controlled by the successor states that emerged from the collapse of his empire. The Eastern Empire's common language, for example, remained Greek.
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I'm a fan of historian Michael Wood! One of my favorite items from him was the BBC documentary series, "In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great."
The quote you mention from Wood comes from his historical researches regarding India. (You could also look for his BBC documentary series, "The Story of India.") The "rejection of a whole way of understanding history" was the way that Wood described the actions of Asoka (or Ashoka -- you'll see both spellings). Asoka was ruler from 268 to 232 BC of lands that would later become known as India. Asoka was a great conqueror but also someone who found enlightenment through Buddhism. After conquering the Kalinga region in eastern India, rather than feeling some great rush of pride or accomplishment because of their victory, Asoka felt guilty. So he worked hard to improve the lives of the Kalinga people that he had conquered. This was what Wood was referring to when he said Asoka's attitude/approach "was a rejection of a whole way of understanding history." Conquest was not something to be celebrated triumphantly. Rather, the conquerors had an obligation to those whom they had conquered.
Due to the fact that there were hot air balloons and everything else, he wanted to explore beyond that and go to the next level, which then in turn made him want to start tinkering with rockets.