17-1800's
I know that James Hutton is considered a father of modern geology and he was born during some where in the 1720's so that's the closest answer, also Charles Lydel was born during the late 1790's.
Answer:
Land is the least effective because most disasters that occur are caused by either air or water...air pollution or flood.
Submarine Canyon
Submarine Canyon's are steep-sided valley canyons cut into the seabed of the continental slope.
It depends on the latitude where you measure it.
It's about 69 miles on the equator, and it shrinks to zero at the poles.
In general, at any latitude,
Distance covered by 1 degree of longitude =
<em> (69 miles) x [ cosine(latitude where it's measured) ]</em>
