The surprise Japanese attack on the US naval base Pearl Harbor.
The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Mongolyn Ezent Güren listen (help·info); Mongolian Cyrillic: Монголын эзэнт гүрэн; Mongolian pronunciation: [mɔŋɡ(ɔ)ɮˈiːŋ ɛt͡sˈɛnt ˈɡurəŋ]; also Орда ("the Horde") in Russian chronicles) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history.[2] Originating in the steppes of Central Asia, the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe to the Sea of Japan, extending northwards into Siberia, eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent, Indochina and the Iranian Plateau; and westwards as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains.
Mongol Empire

Ikh Mongol Uls
1206–1368
Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206–1294
superimposed on a modern political map of Eurasia
StatusNomadic empireCapital
1206–1235: Avarga
1235–1260: Karakorum[a]
1260–1368: Khanbaliq(Dadu)[b]
Common languages
Mongolian
Turkic
Chinese
Persian and other languages
ReligionInitially
Tengrism
Shamanism
Later
Islam
Buddhism
Nestorianism
GovernmentElective monarchy
Later also hereditaryGreat Khan
• 1206–1227
Genghis Khan
• 1229–1241
Ögedei Khan
• 1246–1248
Güyük Khan
• 1251–1259
Möngke Khan
• 1260–1294
Kublai Khan (nominal)
• 1333–1368
Toghan Temür Khan(nominal)LegislatureKurultaiHistory
• Genghis Khanproclaims
the Mongol Empire
1206
• Death of Genghis Khan
1227
• Pax Mongolica
1250–1350
• Empire fragments
1260–1294
• Fall of Yuan dynasty
1368
• Collapse of the
Chagatai Khanate
1687Area1206 (unification of Mongolia)[1]4,000,000 km2(1,500,000 sq mi)1227 (Genghis Khan's death)[1]13,500,000 km2(5,200,000 sq mi)1294 (Kublai's death)[1]23,500,000 km2(9,100,000 sq mi)1309 (last formal reunification)[1]24,000,000 km2(9,300,000 sq mi)CurrencyVarious[c]
Preceded bySucceeded byKhamag MongolKhwarazmian EmpireQara KhitaiJīn dynastySong dynastyWestern XiaAbbasid CaliphateNizari Ismaili stateKievan Rus'Volga BulgariaCumaniaAlaniaKingdom of DaliKimek KhanateGoryeoChagatai KhanateGolden HordeIlkhanateYuan dynastyNorthern Yuan dynastyTimurid EmpireAnatolian BeyliksMamluk SultanateKingdom of PolandGrand Duchy of LithuaniaMing dynastyJos
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