Answer:
In a cell, there are two kinds of gradients found, that is, chemical and electrical. The electrical gradient is produced by the net charge of negative and positive charges found across the membrane. The chemical gradient is produced by the concentration of ions across the membrane. In combination, it is called the electrochemical gradient, which in general function in reverse directions.
The procedure where pumping of ions takes place across the membrane via ion pumps against the electrochemical gradient is known as the active transport. This mode of transport sustains the balance of ions across the membranes and is dependent upon energy. The ATP is provided by the metabolic activities of the cell.
Answer
3× 105 kg in the calculation represents the mass of the space shuttle.
Explanation
When calculating the force of gravity of on the shuttle, the formula used is ; force of gravity=mg. m represents the mass of the object(shuttle) and g is the acceleration of the shuttle due to gravity. g= 9.81 m/s².Multiplying the mass of the shuttle by 9.8 gives the force of gravity
Uniform cells are created when cells differentiate! Hope that helps any way it can and good luck!
OA. applied force, bc applied forced is contact force