In the coding region, natural selection tends to eliminate all of the mutations because of the high importance these regions have. The coding region contains genes that synthesize proteins and the changes in the DNA sequence can have devastating effects on the cell. Therefore, there are very few differences in the sequences of coding regions that can help us trace the lineage.
On the other hand, in the non-coding regions, the mutations often accumulate because they have little effect on the cell and the adaptive value of the organism. This enables us to trace up the lineage by comparing the sequences and seeing the differences in the sequences.
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The pH range of tolerance for humans is well defined and very small for a number of reasons.
First, we must understand that all biological reactions in our body are carried out by biological catalysts called enzymes. These enzymes operate under specific pH and and temperature conditions. Deviation from these conditions will result in inefficiency of the enzymes' functions. This may be observed macroscopic-ally as poor digestion among other things.
Next, an equilibrium is necessary for the movement of CO2 in red blood cells. CO2 is kept in equilibrium in the form of carbonic acid. This equilibrium may be disturbed by the change in pH; resulting in a difficulty to breathe.
Other effects such as fatigue, headaches and nausea may also be observed as the blood circulates throughout your body and its functions will be impaired by the changed pH.
Answer:
Effects of Ecstasy on the nervous system:
- stimulant
- psychedelic
- neurotoxic
- abnormal neurotransmitter function
- injured cognitive functions (e.g., sleep and pain control)
Explanation:
Ecstasy, also known as MDMA (3,4Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), is a stimulant and psychedelic drug that may exhibit neurotoxic effects. This amphetamine analog (i.e, drug based upon the amphetamine structure) has several effects on the nervous system which are caused by the increase in the activity of three major neurotransmitters: serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. It has been shown that Ecstasy alters the central nervous system, producing neurotoxic effects and affecting brain functions including, among others, cognitive functioning and development, neuroendocrine release mechanisms, sleep control, pain control, etc.
With fossils, scientists can use carbon dating to determine the approximate age of whatever fossil they have.
Answer:
Similarly to their eukaryotic counterparts, bacterial chromosomes perform the complex task of efficiently compacting DNA while supporting gene regulation and proper DNA segregation. Chromosomes are thus shaped at multiple scales by a large number of proteins and DNA enzymes
