Both the Chinese and the Japanese felt that the Europeans were barbarians. They were particularly repelled by the smell of these foreigners who ate much fattier diets and who did not typically wash very often. They also felt the Europeans lacked subtlety and were rather crass in their behaviors.
The similarities, however, largely end there. The Chinese tried to simply ignore the Europeans. They were able to do this to some degree because the Europeans did not have anything they wanted. They were willing to take European silver in exchange for tea and otherwise leave the Europeans alone. This worked until around the time of the Opium Wars when the Europeans forced China to open itself more.
Thomas Paine's pamphlet "Common Sense"
Francis Cabot Lowell's textile mill at Waltham, Massachusetts, gave rise to the first labor unions in the United States.
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What are labor unions?</h3>
Since the National Labor Relations Act was implemented in 1935, labor unions have been acknowledged by US labor law as organizations that represent employees in a variety of industries. Currently, they concentrate their efforts on collectively bargaining for pay, benefits, and working conditions on behalf of their membership and representing their members in disputes with management over claimed violations of contract clauses. Larger trade unions usually take part in lobbying and electioneering activities on the state and federal levels. The majority of unions in the United States are connected with the AFL-CIO, which was established in 1955, and the Change to Win Federation (now known as the Strategic Organizing Center), which split from the AFL-CIO in 2005.
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