You can usually tell the difference between a caldera and crater by studying <span>a feature's size and formation. In terms of size, a caldera is often relatively larger than ordinary craters. A caldera is so big that it causes explosive eruptions. In terms of formation, a caldera is a large depression caused when a magma chamber is emptied. A crater is a bowl-like formation at the top of volcanoes where lava comes out.</span>
since is says plural promise(s) i pick b. all of the above. because you cant just pick one its clever word play
The answer is: convection of the core
Continental Plate theory. Originally seen as stupid and impossible by a german scientist, but soon adopted by most if not all scientists.