It is inductive reasoning: generalizing from a small sample to a bigger population. Deductive reasoning would be, if the sentences were in the other order. It's also not faulty, as it's not contradictory.
An Alliance System was a group of nations and/or people that worked together to achieve a certain goal. In WW1, an Alliance System was a group of nations and/or people that worked together to attack an enemy nation.
Either A or D I think. I’m not sure. Most likely A.
The colonists valued their rights so highly because the king of England didn’t give them any freedoms or rights. The colonists didn’t have any of the rights that we have today so they fought hard to make sure everyone was treated fairly. It’s the only just thing to do.