Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a gentic disorder which has an impact on numerous physiological systems. PWS affected individuals (specifically babies) experience delayed growth, significant hypotonia (low muscle tone), and feeding issues. It does effect circadian rhythms in mice models.
SNORD116, often referred to as HBII-85, is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule that contributes to the alteration of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Unlike the majority of other snoRNAs, SNORD116 is not significantly complementary to ribosomal RNA and is expressed widely in the brain (but not in PWS patients).
According to the studies, SNORD116 cause sleep defect in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. Same observation was seen in mouse models too. Paternal expression of SNORD116 is thought to be a potential gene for the sleep disruptions/circadian rhythm’s that the majority of PWS sufferers.
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Nucleic acid<span> typically contain phosphorous, and nitrogen plays an important structural role in nucleic acids and proteins. The proteins, being made up a diverse set of amino acids, have, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, the elements sulfur and selenium.</span>
Answer:
While plant cells have chloroplasts to photosynthesize, they also require ATP for cellular functions, and do use oxygen to break down some of the sugar they produce in order to generate that ATP. They need mitochondria for this.
In particular, at night when there is no light, plants undergo cellular respiration since there is no sunlight to photosynthesize.
They do, however, produce far more sugar and oxygen through photosynthesis than they use up in respiration.
NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+. This simply means that NADPH has an extra hydrogen ion.
NADPH is formed when upon the reduction of NADP+ . NADP stands for nicotine amide dinucleotide phosphate. It is a coenzyme that is involved in a wide range of anabolic reactions.
During the synthesis of carbohydrates in plants, NADPH acts as a reducing agent, likewise in the synthesis of nucleic acids and lipids.
As a reduced compound, NADPH becomes a molecule with high energy thus being especially useful in driving the Calvin cycle.
