Answer:
B)protons, down
Explanation:
Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of ions through a selective permeable membrane. It specifically refers to the production of ATP through the movement of hydrogen ions through an inner membrane during cellular respiration. Hydrogen ions diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to one of lower concentration.
Laurentia<span> (</span>North American Craton<span>) is a large continental </span>craton<span> that forms the ancient geological core of the </span>North American<span> continent. Many times in its past, Laurentia has been a separate </span>continent<span> as it is now in the form of North America, although originally it also included the cratonic areas of </span>Greenland<span> and also the northwestern part of </span>Scotland, known as theHebridean Terrane<span>. During other times in its past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and </span>supercontinents<span> and itself consists of many smaller </span>terranes<span> assembled on a network of Early </span>Proterozoic orogenic<span> belts. Small </span>microcontinents<span> and oceanic islands collided with and sutured onto the ever-growing Laurentia, and together formed the stable </span>Precambriancraton seen today.
