A tundra is an area without high vegetation bordering a polar region. The vegetation consists of grasses, mosses, lichens and dwarf shrubs. The general climate on a tundra is very unfavorable for the growth of higher plants. The bottom has been frozen or snow-covered for at least six months. The growing season is very short and the average temperature in the hottest month is below 10 ° C. During the summer only the top layer of the soil thaws over a depth of 30 to 60 cm above the permafrost. Although the amount of rainfall is quite low, most soils on a tundra are swampy. This is because the water cannot sink into the frozen bottom layer and because the evaporation is also very low. Tundras are found in Russia, Iceland, Canada and Alaska, among others.
- A system of leaders who carry out the work of the government through the use of department, in which one person has control over all branches of the government.
January 1 came, and with it the final proclamation, which committed the government and armed forces of the United States to liberate the slaves in rebel states “as an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity.
