Noun and a pronoun.
In the case of noun : "the cat is thin."
In the case of pronoun : "He was jealous"
He reacts in a purely emotional way.
In the excerpt from "The Death of Ivan Ilyich," Tolstoy makes reference to judge Peter Ivanovich's affecting bevahior at his Ivan Ilych's funeral. He has been a close friend to Ivan, and knew he was going to die. In the passage, he responds to Ivan's wife with a sigh and is unable to finish his phrase, making both deeply moved emotionally
Gay and merry have similar denotation and dissimilar connotation.
Hope this helps!
