A nation-state is a state that is based on one nationality. Often, people of the same nationality share their religion too, and sometimes it also serves to differentiate themselves from other nations, such as in the case of the Bosnians, Serbians and Croats.
A shared religion can be something that the majority of the population shares.
The Western Europe greatly suffered from the Viking raids.The economy went down and there was division among political leaders. With their raids, it also made the Europeans develop new strategies to defend their lands and army like the Franks who built castles and body armors.
the soviet union, Great Britain, China, and the U.S. I hope this helped!