1. Oxygen is required for cellular respiration and is used to break down nutrients, like sugar, to generate ATP (energy) and carbon dioxide and water (waste). Organisms from all kingdoms of life, including bacteria, archaea, plants, protists, animals, and fungi, can use cellular respiration.
2. Mitochondria are often called the “powerhouses” or “energy factories” of a cell because they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's main energy-carrying molecule.
3. Some cells have more mitochondria than others because they need to process more glucose and produce more ATP.
4. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae.
5. In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or external force. Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids, gases and plasmas.
6. Cellular respiration is the process through which cells convert sugars into energy. To create ATP and other forms of energy to power cellular reactions, cells require fuel and an electron acceptor which drives the chemical process of turning energy into a useable form.
Hope I helped you!
In humans, identical twins are possible because C. early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated.
Identical twins are formed when an egg after fertilization by a sperm gets divided into two.
The early blastomeres are totipotent cells which means that they have the capability to form all the cells of the body further. Hence, if an egg after fertilization splits into two, it has the potential to form a complete embryo which forms an individual.
However, as the splitting process has occurred after fertilization, hence the two individuals formed will be identical twins. The genome for the identical embryos will be identical.
Identical twins are also referred to as monozygotic twins as they arise from a single egg or zygote.
To learn more about identical twins, click here:
brainly.com/question/5109778
#SPJ4
What science book do u have?
YES THAT FIRST SENTENCE IS VERY TRUE.YES, GENE DOPING IS USED BY MANY ATHLETES AROUND THE WORLD.IT CAUSES SEVERAL EFFECTS LIKE:
a) increased extraordinary hematocrit
b) increased thrombotic activity
c) autoimmune anemia,ETC.
ANY TWO GENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT WOULD IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ATHLETE ARE:
a.gene therapy should be given to produce more hormones in the body.
b. gene therapy is given to athletes because they have been used to study and model cancer (the oncomouse), obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson disease to check for the athletes.
* Channel proteins- these are proteins with a hydrophilic pore where specific ions are able to pass through the membrane. Each channel protein is specific to an ion. This is the only way ions can travel through the membrane. They are trans membrane proteins.
* Carrier proteins- these are proteins which allow larger or polar molecules through the membrane. They are trans membrane proteins.
Carrier proteins essentially “carry" signals that are not soluble in aqueous solution through the blood stream to their target cells. Carrier proteins for hydrophilic signals prevent degradation of the signal. Channel proteins are embedded in cell membranes. They often are receptors (though not always), and when activated, allow specific ions to pass through the membrane.
A channel protein is a special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions. Like all transport proteins, each channel protein has a size and shape which excludes all but the most specific molecules
The carrier protein facilitate diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane. The protein is imbedded in the cell membrane and covers the entire membrane. This is important because the carrier must transport the molecule in and out of the cell.
