The period of Commercial Revolution is the period in European history that is most closely associated with the emergence of trade fairs, the founding of guilds and creation of the Hanseatic League. Hanseatic league was actually a defensive and commercial confederation that was created by the merchant guilds of their towns.
<u>Members of the Second State, together with members of the First State, were lords during the feudalist era</u>. Feudal systems were based on the system of rights and obligations known as manorialism, and governed economic relationships during the medieval era in Europe.
The privileged social groups, the clergy (First State) and the nobles (Second State), were landowners. They granted their fields to peasants (Third State), who could cultivate them for a living in exchange for becoming vassals to their lords, who had total rights over them. On the first hand, peasants had to pay "taxes" to their lords to be able to feed themselves from their fields, and had to obbey any of their orders. In turn, lords promised protection to their vassals, as they were powerful enough to have some military forces under their command.
Several factors contributed to the Soviet Union being able to stop the German invasion, called Operation Barbarossa.
First, Hitler and the German High Command underestimated the strength of the Soviet troops and the number of reserves the Soviets could call up. They also underestimated the number of tanks, airplanes, and other war machinery that the Soviets had, although much of the machinery was old or in poor repair. Hitler and his advisors also wasted time by arguing about the course they should follow. They also thought that the Soviet Regime would collapse from lack of domestic support.
The Soviet policy of scorched earth also affected the German invasion. As the Germans advanced, the Soviets burned crops, destroyed bridges, dismantled and moved steel and munition plants, evacuated factories, and destroyed or moved railroad cars (Germaine railroad cars used a different gauge of track that that of the Soviets, so they could not use German rail cars on Soviet tracks). As the Germans advanced into Russia, it became more difficult to keep the troops supplied.
<span>
Weather was another important factor. Rains in July turned the sandy Russian roads into mud, slowing the transport vehicles which traveled behind the German tanks. In October, during the Battle of Moscow, the weather turned to rain and then to snow and sub zero temperatures. The German troops were ill-prepared to fight in the cold weather, with no provisions of winter clothing, and the cold affecting the Germans’ mechanized transport, tanks, artillery, and aircraft. The Soviets were well provided for in the cold weather and fought more effectively in the cold weather than the Germans. Added to the cold weather was the fact that the German troops were tired and the number of troops began to decline with no new troops sent to replace them. </span>
