<span>Trade routes that developed on the Arabian
Peninsula opened Arabia to goods and ideas from many parts of the world. The
route enabled the flow of products and inventions from 3 continents. It also connected
Arabia to major trade centers which had a huge commercial effect. </span>
Thucydides viewed war and politics as being inherently intertwined, since he believed that war was simply the means that humans resorted to when political discussions failed.
There are a few ways:
<span>1) The most common is on appeal from state courts. A case originating in state court must work its way through the state court system up to the state's court of last resort (i.e. state supreme court), and then it can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, but only if there is a substantial question involving a question of U.S. constitutionality. </span>
<span>2) On appeal through the Federal court system. A common route for a case involving Federal laws and the U.S. Constitution is for it to be first tried in the U.S. District Courts, and then appealed to the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals. The party losing at the Circuit Court may then appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. </span>
<span>In each of these two situations, the Supreme Court has the option to deny a hearing for the appeal. </span>
<span>3) There are a limited scope of cases that can go directly to the U.S. Supreme Court without having to go through the lower court systems. This is not common at all, but is provided for in Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution</span>
Answer:
During the Civil War , federal powers expand to include an income tax and a national currency.
