That would be a republic. America is a Constitutional Federal Republic
Personally I don't believe that the domestic communists in the US endangered the security of the ordinary Americans. I believe that Senator Joe McCarthy went on a witch hunt because of the concerns of the large corporations and them worrying about their security, not of the average American. In fact, true communists or socialists only want better working and living conditions for the downtrodden in this case of the US citizens so far from being a threat to their security they are fighting for increased security for those people. An international example is the country of Viet Nam which is a communist or socialist government but which threatens no one and is a peaceful, successful country as opposed to the hysteria of the 1960's and 1970's about the communists of North Vietnam.
The gadfly is a character who often says things that make fun of or provoke other people. Maybe they have a hard time really expressing themselves. Or it could be they just like to watch others get annoyed, confused or angry.
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That would be the Treaty of Paris. It was an article of peace suggesting the end of the Revolutionary War with Great Britain. In September of 1783, the treaty was signed, making the end of the war official.
Hope this helps!
The fall of Adam firstrepresents the way humanity became conscious of good and evil. And another sales Adam and Eve represent God‘s will and determination the first two of the seven stages of divine creative action.