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The Roman Republic was an unequal system where Patricians(the elite) had special rights and power for most of the Republican existence, whereas other people living in Rome were divided between free Roman citizens, non-citizens who had reduced rights, and slaves who has no rights.
The Roman Empire was an empire ruled by emperors that controlled parts of the Mediterranean as well as parts of Asia and Africa, during their rule, Rome was one of the most powerful cities in the world.
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Believing that God had chosen him as his messenger Muhammad began to preach what God had revealed to him. The simple and clear-cut message of Islam, that there is no God but Allah, and that life should be lived in complete submission to the will of Allah, was attractive to many people, and they flocked to hear it.
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All able Muslims must make a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca at least once in their lifetimes.
D, Intimidating The Two Empires With The Use of Guns And Horses Because, They Didn't Have Guns Then. They Didn't Have Technology Or Anything Like That At All. Hope I Helped
Long term causesThe Enlightenment was a movement in Europe towards 'rational' understandings of the mechanisms of every aspect of human civilization.
The French support of the American revolution for independence.<span>Long
</span>Class injustice in which the powerful who controlled the goods became even more powerful.
Louis XV, the king prior to the revolution, had been largely irresponsible, and took advantage of the prosperity of France.
Short term causesAlthough it can be a long term cause the war debt caused affected the taxation.
Several bad harvest caused for the food supply to be affected.<span>
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The germans attack poland in 1939.