1933: New Deal / cooperative federalism / marble cake federalism cause a change in the makeup of the power balance between local, state and national goverment in the following way
Explanation:
- The United States moved from dual federalism to cooperative federalism in the 1930s. National programs would increase the size of the national government and may not be the most effective in local environments. Cooperative federalism does not apply to the Judicial branch of the government.
- Each level of government is dominant within its own sphere. ... Marble cake federalism – Conceives of federalism as a marble cake in which all levels of government are involved in a variety of issues and programs, rather than a layer cake, or dual federalism, with fixed divisions between layers or levels of government.
- As a theory, dual federalism holds that the federal and state governments both have power over individuals but that power is limited to separate and distinct spheres of authority, and each government is neither subordinate to nor liable to be deprived of its authority by the other.
- The first, dual federalism, holds that the federal government and the state governments are co-equals, each sovereign. In this theory, parts of the Constitution are interpreted very narrowly, such as the 10th Amendment, the Supremacy Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause, and the Commerce Clause
- The advantages of this system are that it protects local areas and jurisdictions from the overreach of the federal government. The framers of the Constitution were afraid that the federal government would have too much power, and this system was a means of preventing that situation from developing.
- Historically, the definitive example of dual federalism is the United States. ... These states can check the federal government through judicial action. Europe, too, has a system of dual federalism, albeit set up with state traditions. The European Union (EU) is organized into a federalist government with limited powers.
Answer:
Explanation:
Scientific knowledge can improve the quality of life at many different levels—from the routine workings of our everyday lives to global issues. Science informs public policy and personal decisions on energy, conservation, agriculture, health, transportation, communication, defense, economics, leisure, and exploration. Science helped us through stuff that got the impact that we have today without science we would actually be useless and it would have been way harder to live.
King begins his “I Have a Dream” speech by declaring that this occasion will be remembered as the “greatest demonstration for freedom” in United States history. He then evokes Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and references the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, a document that gave hope of a better future to many African Americans. Despite the abolition of slavery and the time that has since passed, Black people in America are still not free; the aftershocks of slavery are still felt through segregation and discrimination in the United States. King refers next to the signing of the Declaration of Independence, describing the document as a “promissory note” whose promise has not been fulfilled for African Americans. Therefore, King says he has come to Washington to chide the United States for “defaulting” on this promise in regard to Black Americans who have not been granted life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The bank of justice, King says, surely still has money in it, and there is a debt to be paid to Black Americans.
King goes on to declare that the time has come to “make justice a reality” for all in the United States. He describes the situation as “urgent,” stating that the growing discontent among Black Americans will not dissipate until equality is won. There will not be peace in America until African Americans are granted their rights as American citizens. Though the situation is urgent, King stresses that his fellow African American protesters should neither resort to violence nor blame all White people, for there are White civil rights protesters among them in the audience, fighting alongside them. The struggle for equality must continue until police brutality is no longer a concern for African Americans, hotels no longer turn them away, ghettos are not their only option, and voting rights are universal—until justice is served.
King acknowledges that protesting has been difficult for many. Some of those present have recently been in prison or have suffered other persecutions. He promises that their struggle will be rewarded and encourages his listeners to return to their home states filled with new hope. King famously declares, “I have a dream,” and describes his hope for a future America where Blacks and Whites will sit and eat together. It is a world in which children will no longer be judged by their skin color and where Black and White alike will join hands. King calls upon his listeners to look to this vision of America to give them hope to keep fighting and asserts that when freedom is allowed to “ring” from every part of the nation, the United States will be what it should have always been, and justice will be achieved.
