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konstantin123 [22]
3 years ago
12

Consider the following code: x=random.randint (1, 100) The randint is a ____.​

Computers and Technology
1 answer:
Mrrafil [7]3 years ago
5 0
Random integer, in this case betweeen 1 and 100
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Adam D'Angelo is the CEO and co-founder of Quora, an online knowledge market. He was also chief technology officer and <span>vice president of engineering for Facebook.</span>
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3 years ago
write a function that takes two integer arrays as input return true if any two of the numbers in the first array input add up to
Afina-wow [57]

Answer:

Explanation:

This program is written in Python. It is a function that takes in two arrays. Then it loops through the first array twice, adding each element with the others and comparing the sum to the values in the second array. If a similar value is found in the second array, the program prints out the value and returns True to the user. Otherwise, it returns False. A test case has been created with two array variables that print out False, the output can be seen in the attached image below.

def sumArray(arr1, arr2):

   for i in range(len(arr1)):

       for x in range(len(arr1)):

           sum = 0

           if i != x:

               sum = arr1[i] + arr1[x]

           if sum in arr2:

               print(str(sum) + "Found in Second Array")

               return True

   return False

arr1 = [1, 9, 10, 44]

arr2 = [2, 4, 8, 14]

print(sumArray(arr1, arr2))

8 0
3 years ago
One of the earlier applications of crypto-graphic hash functions was the storage of passwords to authenticate usersin computer s
vagabundo [1.1K]

Answer: provided in the explanation part.

Explanation:

This is actually quite long but nevertheless i will make it as basic as possible.

Question (a)  

Attack A:

One way property of hash means that we can't find the input string if given the hash value. The calculation of hash from input string is possible but it is not possible to calculate the input string when given the hash. If the hash function is properly created to have one-way property then there is no way of finding the exact input string. So this attack won't work as the one-way property of hash function can't be broken if the hash function is properly created.

Attack B:

Suppose h() is the hash function. And h(x) = m where x is the string and m is the hash. Then trying to find another string y such that h(y) = m is called finding out the second pre-image of the hash.

Although we can't know the exact initial string for sure, we can by using brute force method find out a second preimage.

This attack will take a very long time. It has the time complexity of 2n. It requires the attacker to have an idea about the kind of passwords that might be used and then brute force all of them to find the string that has the same hash. Each try will have a chance of 1/2n to succeed.

Rainbow attack using rainbow table is often used for such brute-force attack. This comprises a rainbow table which contains passwords and their pre-hashed values.

Therefore, it is not possible to determine the second preimages of h so easily.

Attack C:

Collisions refer to finding out m and m' without knowing any of them. Finding out collisions is easier than finding preimages. This is because after finding out 2n pairs of input/output. The probability of two of them having the same output or hash becomes very high. The disadvantage is that we can't decide which user's hash to break. However, if I do not care about a particular user but want to get as many passwords as possible, then this method is the most feasible.

It has the time complexity of 2n/2.

Hence, this is the attack which has the most success rate in this scenario.

Question (b)

The brute force way of finding out the password usually involves using a rainbow attack. It comprises a rainbow table with millions of passwords and their hashes already computed. By matching that table against the database, the password can be recovered.

Therefore it is often preferred to salt the password. It means we add some random text to the password before calculating the hash.

The salts are usually long strings. Although users usually do not select long passwords, so a rainbow table with hashes of smaller passwords is feasible. But once salt is used, the rainbow table must accommodate for the salt also. This makes it difficult computationally. Although password might be found in the rainbow table. The salt can be anything and thus, make brute-force a LOT more difficult computationally.

Therefore salt is preferred to be added to passwords before computing their hash value.

Question (c)

A hash output length of 80 means there can be exactly 280 different hash values. This means there is at least one collision if 280+1 random strings are hashed because 280 values are used to accommodate all the possible strings. It is not hard with today's computation power to do match against more than this many strings. And doing so increases the probability of exposing a probable password of a user.

Hence, 80 is not a very secure value for the hash length.

cheers i hope this helps!!!!

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