I say the third option, the Roman Catholics have a Pope (Francis), and the Eastern Orthodox Church has a emperor and a patriarch (Bartholomew I).
OligarchyHome Social Sciences and the Law Political Science and Government Political Science: Terms and ConceptsInternational Encyclopedia...International Encyclopedia...The Columbia Encyclopedia,...The Oxford Pocket Dictionary...Further reading<span>TOOLS </span>Oligarchy<span>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences | </span>1968COPYRIGHT 2008 Thomson Gale.Oligarchy
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The word “oligarchy” and the concepts which it symbolizes originated in ancient Greece. In its basic use, the word identified one of the general forms of government recognized by the Greeks: that in which political government is conducted by a few persons or families. It was also used more narrowly, by Aristotle for example, to refer to the debased form of aristocracy, that is, to government by the few or by a faction. The term “oligarchy” was also used to refer to the small group of persons who enjoyed a monopoly of political control in oligarchic governments; the term usually had the added sense that the oligarchy ruled in its own rather than in the public interest. For Aristotle, classification of governments rested on two independent variables: the number of persons who ruled and the purposes served by their rule. Oligarchy was present when a few persons ruled for their own satisfaction.
Development of the concept. The original uses of the term were associated with particular social and political regimes and with intellectual modes of analyzing them. Typically, societies were small and traditional and rested on established classes, including a slave class. Within Greek cities citizenship status often identified a large but still minority class that could at least claim to participate in political decisions. Whatever the changes in political forms, this “upper class” was relatively stable by reason of property holding, authority relations with other classes, social position, and so on, and oligarchy could reasonably be expected to be succeeded by other known forms of government. Classical analysts found oligarchies to be endemic among ancient states, but they viewed them as unstable since they rested on military, economic, and leadership factors which were transitory as compared with the continuing forces which supported the relatively large upper classes in traditionalist societies.
In the modern view, these classical conceptions, including oligarchy and the ideas associated with it, are far too simple for effective analysis. Indeed, classical writing makes it clear that the conceptions based on the formal structure of governments were not adequate even then, in spite of the particular emphasis given to form. Greek analysts dealt with the phenomena of power, with the importance of procedures, and, of course, with the paramount role of values. These matters were merged with discussions of political form, but the elements were not clearly discriminated. The subtleties and complexities of Greek political thought do not appear to good advantage in this particular classificatory system.
New markets for goods, new lands for natural resources. As in the case of all imperial colonies (including us when we were a British colony!), having new land has broad economic opportunities. Not only can the new land provide different resources and raw materials with which the mother country can make luxury manufactured goods, but a new colony is...
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Christian missionaries hoped to make schools the spiritual and religious centers. Through education they hoped to eradicate the practices and behaviors of natives like Idol worship, polytheism, bigotry, polygamy and many superstitions which were considered by them to be much uncivilized.
In April 1952, Harry Truman nationalized the steel industry to prevent the workers' strike, that was scheduled to begin that month. It led to the famous Steel Seizure Case, the first case in the U.S. court history to limit the power and entitlements of the president of America. The jury took a stand that the president doesn't hold it in his power to interfere with private property.
