The answer is ‘all of these’
Answer: the birth of Arabian civilization can be dated to 7th century A.D. Then Islam was spreading westwards to northern Africa...from Egypt to Maroccos. From Maroccos Muslims spread to Iberian peninsula. But they were not able to move more northwards ....beyond Pyrenees. Christian states were stable, well-organized and were able to organize their armies and protect themselves.
Explanation: they were not able to move beyond Pyrenees because already in the north of Iberian peninsula there were well-organized Christian kingdom. They were small but they constituted a barrier. The only significan Arabian invasion to Europe consitutes "battle of Poitiers" (sometimes called "battle of Tours) in 732 A.D. There Franks led by Charles Martel were victorious and Arabians had to retreat behind Pyrenees. Later on Arabians were expulsed from Iberian peninsula (first from Portugal, then from Spain).
Hand in hand, we stood in the line for our amusement park tickets. The line seemed to go on forever. I waited impatiently, bouncing on the balls of my feet. At long last, mother handed me my pass. Then she took my hand in hers, and off we went toward the house of mirrors.
For all of the people who spoke English, John Wycliffe wanted a Bible written in the same language. The Romans didn't agree with this idea thus denying their ability to have the Bible translated.
Here are some of the environmental challenges that Africa is facing at the moment:
1. desertification: larger patches of African land are turning into deserts, which is obviously a huge problem because the vegetation of the continent is changing and disappearing
2. no access to water: many African nations have problems finding water in this arid country, which is a danger to their lives
3. population explosion: there are more and more Africans born, and there are not enough resources to sustain them all
