La Independencia Centroamericana tuvo lugar el 15 de septiembre de 1821.
El movimiento independentista centroamericano tomó como modelo la independencia de los Estados Unidos, así como la Revolución Francesa, que eliminó la desigualdad y el privilegio, y estuvo influida por las ideas del reformismo ilustrado español y la ilustración racionalista europea.
Así, la ideología liberal y democrática de los principales impulsores independentistas ha creado en la sociedad de Costa Rica un sentimiento de necesidad imperiosa de transparencia y democracia respecto de las instituciones públicas, así como también un rechazo natural sobre toda falta de estas características en las instituciones o los políticos del país.
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Explanation:
The Great Depression impacted African Americans for decades to come. It spurred the rise of African-American activism, which laid the groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. The Great Depression was the worst economic downtown in the industrialized world. While no group escaped the economic devastation of the Great Depression, few suffered more than African Americans. Since they were already relegated to lower-paying professions, African Americans had less of a financial cushion to fall back on when the economy collapsed.
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The sporting events at Olympia were the oldest and most important of the four national Greek athletic festivals. The games were held on an official basis every four years from 776 B.C.E., but they probably originated much earlier. Greek myth credited the hero Herakles with devising the running races at Olympia to celebrate the completion of one of his twelve labors.
Olympia was the most important sanctuary of the god Zeus, and the Games were held in his honor. Sacrifices and gifts were offered, and athletes took oaths to obey the rules before a statue of Zeus. The games were announced by heralds traveling to all the major Greek cities around the Mediterranean, and hostilities were banned during the period around the Games to safeguard those traveling to and from Olympia.
The games at Olympia continued with minor interruptions into early Christian times and were the inspiration for the modern Olympic Games, first staged in Athens in 1896.
Equestrian Events
Chariot racing was the most popular spectator sport in ancient times. Up to 40 chariots could compete in a race and crashes were common.
In ancient Greece only the wealthy could afford to maintain a chariot and horses. Chariots had been used to carry warriors into battle, and chariot races, along with other sports events, were originally held at the funeral games of heroes, as described in Homer’s Iliad.
Wealthy citizens and Greek statesmen were anxious to win such a prestigious event. They sometimes drove their own chariot, but usually employed a charioteer. The races took place in an arena called the hippodrome. The most dangerous place was at the turning post, where chariot wheels could lock together and there were many crashes.
It resulted in a stalemate which meant that the USA had a distant threat but still a threat it also resulted in a trading partner and a loyal Allie in the pacific area
Race and racial inequality have powerfully shaped American history from its beginnings.
Americans like to think of the founding of the American colonies and, later, the United States, as
driven by the quest for freedom – initially, religious liberty and later political and economic
liberty. Yet, from the start, American society was equally founded on brutal forms of
domination, inequality and oppression which involved the absolute denial of freedom for slaves.
This is one of the great paradoxes of American history – how could the ideals of equality and
freedom coexist with slavery? We live with the ramifications of that paradox even today.
In this chapter we will explore the nature of racial inequality in America, both in terms of
its historical variations and contemporary realities. We will begin by clarifying precisely what
we mean by race, racial inequality and racism. We will then briefly examine the ways in which
racism harms many people within racially dominant groups, not just racially oppressed groups. It
might seem a little odd to raise this issue at the beginning of a discussion of racial inequality, for
it is surely the case that racial inequality is more damaging to the lives of people within the
oppressed group. We do this because we feel it is one of the critical complexities of racial
inequality and needs to be part of our understanding even as we focus on the more direct effects
of racism. This will be followed by a more extended discussion of the historical variations in the
forms of racial inequality and oppression in the United States. The chapter will conclude with a
discussion of the empirical realities today and prospects for the future.
This chapter will focus primarily on the experience of racial inequality of African-
Americans, although in the more historical section we will briefly discuss specific forms of racial
oppression of Native-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and Chinese-Americans. This focus on
African-Americans does not imply that the forms of racism to which other racial minorities have
been subjected are any less real. And certainly the nature of racial domination of these other
groups has also stamped the character of contemporary American society.
WHAT IS RACE?
Many people think of races as “natural” categories reflecting important biological differences
across groups of people whose ancestors came from different parts of the world. Since racial
classifications are generally hooked to observable physical differences between people, the
apparent naturalness of race seems obvious to most people. This conception reflects a
fundamental misunderstanding about the nature of racial classifications. Race is a social
category, not a biological one. While racial classifications generally use inherited biological
traits as criteria for classification, nevertheless how those traits are treated and how they are
translated into the categories we call “races” is defined by social conventions, not by biology.
In different times and places racial boundaries are drawn in very different ways. In the
U.S. a person is considered “Black” if they have any African ancestry. This extreme form of
binary racial classification reflects the so-called “one-drop rule” that became the standard system
of racial classification in the U.S. after the Civil War.
