The final stage of apartheid<span>'s demise happened so quickly as to have taken many people in South Africa and throughout the world by surprise. The release of </span>Nelson Mandela<span> in February 1990 and the lifting of the ban of the </span>African National Congress<span> (ANC) and other liberation movements led to a protracted series of negotiations out of which emerged a democratic constitution and the first free election in the country's history. Democracy did not emerge spontaneously; it had to be built laboriously, brick by brick. This was a complex process, following years of multifaceted struggle and accompanied in the 1990-1994 period by convulsive violence as vested interests resisted change. Probably unique in the history of colonialism, white settlers voluntarily gave up their monopoly of political power. The final transfer of power was remarkably peaceful; it is often is described as a "miracle" because many thought that South Africa would erupt into violent civil war. </span>
In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that facilities that were "separate but equal" were permissible under the US Constitution.
This allowed the Jim Crow laws to develop wherein African Americans went to different schools, ate at different restaurants or in different sections, and were generally segregated from the population
Initially, other rulers in Europe were somewhat pleased that the Bourbon monarchy in France was being reduced in power by the effort to make it a constitutional monarchy. But as the French Revolution proceeded, other ruling houses and nobles in Europe felt the threat that such revolutionary fervor could pose to their own positions, and were ready to fight to stamp out the Revolution. Revolutionary France went to war against those other nations, and when Napoleon took over power in France, he continued those wars and won conquests. Napoleon brought the Civil Code that contained some of the basic ideals of the Revolution to other territories that his empire controlled. Even after Napoleon was defeated, the ideas of liberalism that the French Revolution had unleashed remained as a powerful force, and the 19th century would see a recurring series of revolutionary movements across Europe.
Answer: D, improving housing and living conditions in cities.
Explanation:
