Probably 1, however I can see why that would be a tiny bit confusing.
Building walls protects from incoming invaders(at least back in the day), creating armies, makes a force to go and fight to protect the people, and what was the other one? Oh yea, moving to a safer place.
Doing that would mean making invasions less likely, and making your people feel and be safer.
Hope this helps.
Catholicism has always been a huge religion, and has been in control of the world for previous ages. For that reason, they were the ones who could dictate when to start the timeline, and chose the birth of Christ as that starting point.
Yes, at least, the colonists considered it so. It made it very difficult and expensive for all colonists to get goods.
They must manage a lot of jobs and housing for many including citizens, immigrants, and refugees
I’m fairly certain the answer you’re look for is, ‘The Dark Ages’ or ‘Middle Ages.’
