The correct answer is B) emergence of a written language
Unlike the other mentioned things, emergence of a written language did revolutionize Native American cultures. Everything else mentioned here was just there and completely normal as they were hunters and what not.
The first blank is treasury secretary
Answer: Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. ... As a result, restrictive Jim Crow legislation and separate public accommodations based on race became commonplace.
Explanation:
John Calhoun argued that the 1828 tariff helped the North at the expense of the South (c). This was the case because the tariff bolstered Northerner industrial markets but required Southerners to pay more for manufactured good.