Answer: Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.
Explanation:
In the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310 (2010) case, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act that prohibited any investments in political campaigns by businesses and labor organizations, was a violation of the protection of free speech guaranteed by the First Amendment.
Before that, the Tillman Act of 1907 had been the first legislation to ban financial contribution from corporations to political campaigns.
Answer: This is an example of Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional stage of moral development.
Explanation: The conventional level of ethical reasoning is typical of adolescents and adults. To reason during a conventional way is to guage the morality of actions by comparing them to society's views and expectations. the traditional level consists of the third and fourth stages of ethical development.
Phil, as a Judge in a common law system, will be looking to see how other Judges ruled on similar cases.
This use of judicial precedent forms the foundation of the common law system, wherein law is built on what was done before and details are teased out to determine the best path forward.