"D.city-state", since this has the relative control of a federal government without the responsibility of dealing with multiple "states".
True? I don't quite understand what you are asking, but the answer is correct to the question.
Explanation:
1 The greatest Saharan empire cities were Timbuktu and Djenné, both of which lie on the Niger. While these empires were the most prominent Islamic states in Sub-Saharan Africa, smaller Islamic kingdoms formed to the east, such that nearly the entire northern half of the continent fell under Islamic rule.
The plates colliding causing the rock to push upward. Hope this helped you out!